Kinetics of immune responses to nasal challenge with meningococcal polysaccharide one year after serogroup-C glycoconjugate vaccination.

BACKGROUND Recipients of serogroup-C glycoconjugate meningococcal vaccine (MCC) exhibit waning of serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers, but the rate of decline and the speed of their immunological memory in response to new meningococcal nasopharyngeal colonization are unknown. METHODS In a prospective challenge study, we measured persistence of SBA and anti-Neisseria meningitidis serogroup-C (MenC) immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA in adults aged 18-39, 28 days and 12 months after receiving MCC. Volunteers were then challenged intranasally with 50 μg MenC polysaccharide to mimic meningococcal colonization, and systemic and mucosal antibody responses were measured. RESULTS All subjects had protective SBA titers (≥8) 28 days after MCC vaccination, but 12.3% and 20.2% had unprotective (<8) or low (<128) levels, respectively, after 12 months. Following rechallenge (12 months postvaccination) and measurement of antibody responses after 4, 7, and 10 days, rises in SBA titers were only observed in subjects with low (<128) or nonprotective (<8) prerechallenge SBA titers. In subjects with pre rechallenge SBA titers <8, the majority did not reach a protective SBA titer until 7 days post-rechallenge. MenC-specific IgG levels rose in both serum and saliva in correlation with SBA titers. No detectable rise in salivary IgA was observed. CONCLUSIONS In those individuals who fail to retain protective SBA 12 months after MCC, immunological memory fails to generate protective systemic and mucosal antibodies until 7 days post intranasal challenge with cognate meningococcal polysaccharide. This is likely too slow to protect from natural meningococcal infection. MCC vaccinees rely on persistence of antibody levels rather than immunological memory for sustained protection.